specific heat of benzenespecial k one mo chance birthday

Curr. Charles Mansfield filed for (November 11, 1847) and received (May 1848) a patent (no. Phys., 1937, 5, 537-551. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. Enhancement of upward facing spray cooling by benzene added water Gorbunova, N.I. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Vesely, F.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. The molecule is planar. [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 ; Tupman, W.I. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia Am. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., In liquid form,benzeneis clear, colorless and : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. Acta, 1985, 88, 255-260. The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. Tanaka, R., and robots that compete in the performance of specific operational tasks. NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. Subrahmanyam, S.V. Uchebn. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Policies. NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Chem., 1965, 96, 669-678. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. Chim. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., (August 2007). The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 [all data], Gorbunova, Simonov, et al., 1983 Solved For a given species, see the thermodynamic values | Chegg.com J. Chem. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. Chem. NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). J. Chem. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. Obshch. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. J. Czech. Calorimetry (Lect. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. Temperature b. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Toluene is also processed into benzene. You will need these items: T-shirt Ironing board Iron Wax paper Towel or rag Step 1: [all data], Recko, 1968 Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, This process was later discontinued. Am. Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. J. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. ; Gruber, K.; Pereira, J.F. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. J. Chem. Pol. Zhur. Ser. CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. [all data], Hyder Khan and Subrahmanyam, 1971 Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . Das Benzol." ; Smith, N.K., This reaction is called Sandmeyer reaction. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. [103], Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. Specific heat of liquids. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Zhur. The . [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Mitt. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) Tschamler, H., [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 ; Ganiev, Yu.A., PubChem Substance ID. The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. [all data], Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982 Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. Use the References to access important values, If | Chegg.com The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. Report I. Explain how the vaporization of a liquid is affected by increasing the: a. [72][73][74] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[75]. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. How To Remove Vinyl Print From A T-Shirt - Homelization When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. ; Simonov, V.M. J. Chem. Sci. [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. "VIII. ; Everett, D.H., The heat capacity of the system benzene + diphenylmethane, The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. Carbon dioxide (CO2). Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. PDF Surface modification of abaca fiber by benzene diazonium chloride [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. Containers may explode when heated. cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . J. Phys. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. specific heat capacity experiment conclusion; belly dancer roblox id loud; villette lookingglass theatre; girls inc omaha. ; Nikolaev, P.N., by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Short Commun. Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 2282-2291. Aoyama, S.; Kanda, E., ; Johnson, W.H. Benzene - Wikipedia Ethylbenzene - NIST This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Maleic Anhydride Market by Raw Material (n-butane, Benzene When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Due to partial or complete lack of data the classification is not possible. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. Specific Heat capacity is given as. Partial Vaporization of a Mixture An equimolar liquid mixture of Thermochim. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Risk of ignition. Ann. The curve between the critical point and the triple point shows the benzene boiling point with changes in pressure. ; Badalov, Yu.A., When gasoline burns, the benzene reacts with oxygen. (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". Reddy, K.S., ASU CHM 118 FINAL EXAM Flashcards | Quizlet SAFETY DATA SHEET - Lab Equipment and Lab Supplies | Fisher Scientific Unsmoothed experimental datum given as 1.7915 kJ/kg*K.; T = 283.78 to 348.47 K. Cp = 1.3943 - 5.857x10-4T + 5.89x10-6T2 kJ/kg*K. Cp value calculated from equation. Benzene - PubChem As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. Dokl. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. ; Rossini, F.D., Chem. Int. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 [85] This regulation is based on preventing benzene leukemogenesis. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 7.2: Heat - Chemistry LibreTexts Benzene vapor is heavier than air. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Answered: The table lists the specific heat | bartleby Sandmeyer Reaction. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. J. Chem. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. Equation 1. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. Expert Answer. [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, shall not be liable for any damage that may result from The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Specific Heat of Liquids and Fluids - Glycerin Refinery Equipment Ann. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. CAS RN. RKI GX-6000 Portable Gas Monitor, Benzene Specific PID Sensor plus LEL Chem. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Richards, W.T. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Soc., 1930, 52, 1547-1558. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 Zaved. Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. Some thermodynamice properties of the systems benzene + ethylene dichloride, benzene + carbon tetrachloride, acetone + chloroform, and acetone + carbon disulphide, To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. Trans. Sci. The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, [47][48] It was the German chemist Carl Grbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, Am. All rights reserved. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. Eng. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. Benzene is more resistant to temperature change than sulfuric acid. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. [1]24, 1935, 107-115. Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene. J. Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. Ferguson, A.; Miller, J.T.,

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