shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonistis cary stayner still alive

We proposed to study torque ratios according to joint angle sections (15 angle subgroups) over a selected range of motion. Typography; Shortcodes; Pages. The upper extremities (U/E) become the propulsive segments for manual wheelchair mobility among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist The first and second ribs descend, while the 4-6th ascend and the 3rd acts as an axis. Read more. (b) Angle subgroup abductoradductor torque ratios and peak torque ratios. For each movement, the 15 angle subgroup in which the highest torque value was measured was named the reference angle subgroup. A similar finding was also found when tested at 120s1 between the reference angle subgroup and the last subgroup only. Along with the coracohumeral ligament, it supports the rotator interval and prevents inferior translation of the humeral head, particularly during shoulder adduction. A question often asked is to identify the Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator & Synergist Muscles. The superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments support the joint from the anteroinferior side. Kenhub. Their agonistantagonist muscle balance may be altered by shoulder muscle paralysis, reduced proximal stability, new U/E functional status as well as secondary U/E musculoskeletal impairments, which are common in this population. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. Mayer F, Horstmann T, Rocker K, Heitkamp HC, Dickhuth HH . Two weak spots exist in this reinforced capsule. Upper limb function in persons with long-term paraplegia and implications for independence: part I. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 211218. Noffal GJ . weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint. This position creates a stable base of support against the bench for the shoulders, decreases anterior forces through the shoulder complex particularly during the eccentric phase, and may improve activation of the pectoralis muscles (Duffey, 2008; Bench Press Analysis). [8][9], Del Maso and colleagues have estimated that a maximum of 7.5 mm of upward translation of the humeral head may occur during range of motion movements,[9] which is not an insignificant amount of migration for a large bony structure to experience within a compact space during a dynamic task. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. Similarly the subcoracoid bursae are found between the capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula. It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of scapula (gleno-) and the head of humerus (-humeral). Paine R, & Voight, M.L. These bursae allow the structures of the shoulder joint to slide easily over one another. Indeed, it shows the modifications of the agonist and antagonist strength values according to the lengthtension relationship. Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Synovial ball and socket joint; multiaxial, Glenoid fossa of scapula, head of humerus; glenoid labrum, Superior glenohumeral, middle glenohumeral, inferior glenohumeral, coracohumeral, transverse humeral, Subscapular nerve (joint); suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, lateral pectoral nerve (joint capsule), Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, circumflex scapular and suprascapular arteries, Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external/lateral rotation, internal/medial rotation and circumduction, Pectoralis major, deltoid, coracobrachialis, long head of biceps brachii, Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, deltoid, long head of triceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, deltoid. (2015). Paine RM, & Voight, M.L. The static structures of the shoulder complex, which includes the labrum (a fibrocartilaginous ring), the capsule, cartilage, ligaments, and fascia collectively act as the physical restraints to the osseous matter and provides a deepening effect to the shallow glenoid fossa. Pentland WE, Twomey LT . Deltoid (posterior) Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. The abductor and adductor strength characteristics of professional baseball pitcherse. In: Pike C, ed. External rotation of the humerus moves the greater tubercle out from under the acromial arch, allowing uninhibited arm abduction to occur. To visualize the stretch reflex, imagine stretching a rubber band and then immediately letting go. Inter-rater and Intra-rater reliability and validity of three measurement methods for shoulder position sense. Glenohumeral joint: want to learn more about it? This may take the form of performing stretching techniques for the pectorals, deltoids, and latissimus dorsi and strengthening techniques for the rotator cuff and scapulae retractors (rhomboids, mid/lower trapezius). Biomechanics of the Shoulder - Physiopedia Jam B. Sixteen individuals with complete motor paraplegia, without shoulder pain or impairment, were included in this study. Bench Press Analysis. Burnham RS, May L, Nelson E, Steadward R, Reid DC . Extending only at its medial margin, where the fibers protrude by around 1 cm. Milgrom C, Schaffer, M., Gilbert, S., & van Holsbeeck, M. Rotator cuff changes in asymptomatic adults. 27 febrero, 2023 . By harnessing the stretch reflex, individuals will be able to maximize muscle recruitment during the concentric phase of the lift and subsequently the ability to lift heavier loads. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [26] Regardless of the classification, the dysfunctional shoulder mechanisms can further the progression of rotator cuff disease[27] and must therefore be understood as a neuromuscular impairment. Scapular retraction during the bench press is important to maximize safety and performance. [29][30][31], Mechanoreceptors are characterized by their specialized nerve endings that are sensitive to the mechanical deformations of tissues,[32][33][34] and therefore contribute to the modulation of motor responses of the adjacent muscles. The loose inferior capsule forms a fold when the arm is in the anatomical position. The other one that got me was the agonist if the pecs are the When weakness or neuromuscular dysfunction of the scapular musculature is present, normal scapular arthrokinematics become altered,[20] and ultimately predisposes an individual to an injury of the GH joint. Fitness CAS Angle subgroup torque ratio analysis leads to a better estimation of the balance or imbalance between the agonist and antagonist muscle groups over a functional or selected range of motion than does traditional peak torque ratio analysis. Contraction of the deltoid muscle applies a strong superior translation force to the humerus, this is countered by the action of the rotator cuff muscles, preventing superior humeral dislocation. (b) Water can act both as an acid and as a base. In individuals with paraplegia, this precise estimation of torque ratios may lead to the development of specific shoulder strengthening programs to prevent muscle imbalance and its consequences. Our Team Bookshelf Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For each 15 angle subgroup, mean F/E and Ab/Ad torques and mean torque ratios were calculated. Role of proprioception in pathoetiology of shoulder instability. Antagonists for wrist extension are the wrist extensors -. (2014). The second is on its superior and posterior aspects, where the capsular fibers blend directly with the glenoid labrum. Joint torques in each direction were measured between 15 and 60 of shoulder abduction. The sticking point is not the same location for everyone yet researchers have concluded it usually takes place about 0.2 seconds after the initial upward movement, and lasts about 0.9 seconds (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). Semitendinosus (a) Water is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis. The angle subgroup torque ratios analysis showed that the agonistantagonist torque ratios were not constant and were significantly different according to the tested 15 angular subgroups. As previously noted, due to the anatomical passage of the common RC tendon within the subacromial space, the RC tendons are particularly vulnerable to compression, abnormal friction, and ultimately an impingement (pinching) during active tasks. Episode 017: Supersetting the right way with agonist-antagonist pairs Range of Motion Predicts Performance in National-Level New Zealand Male Powerlifters. Thus shoulder rotator muscles were not assessed in this study. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist. Lephart SM, Pincivero, D.M., Giraldo, J.L., & Fu, F.H. Bernard PL, Peruchon E, Micallef JP, Hertog C, Rabischong P . Grasp the bar with the wrists positioned directly under the bar. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist Antagonists of the Shoulder Abductor | Healthy Living In other words, an individual will have to use a lighter weight because this motion limits activation of the powerful sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis muscle. Balance and stabilization capability of paraplegic wheelchair athletes. Comparison of Isolated Lumbar Extension Strength in Competitive and Noncompetitive Powerlifters, and Recreationally Trained Men. (2013). The passive mode was selected to ensure that the apparatus and body segment would move throughout the entire tested range of motion. Edouard P, Gasq, D., Calmels, P., Ducrot, S., Degache, F. Shoulder sensorimotor control assessment by force platform: feasibility and reliability. It is believed that the supraspinatus is important for movement initiation and early abduction, while the deltoid muscle is engaged from approximately 20 of abduction and carried the arm through to the full 180 of abduction. Broken arrow indicates the angle value where flexion and extension torques are equal. Agonist muscles are the muscles that . lisa pera wikipedia. Atlas of Human Anatomy (7th ed.). (a) Angle subgroup flexorextensor torque ratios and peak torque ratios. The role of the scapula. Workout Plans Souza AL, Boninger ML, Fitzgerald SG, Shimada SD, Cooper RA, Ambrosio F . Thank you for visiting nature.com. The torque curves were generated for all movements and velocities investigated using gravity-corrected torque data at each angle of movement over the entire tested range. The sticking period in a maximum bench press. The dynamic muscle balance over the functional range of motion is known to constantly change as the joint angle is modified.13 In addition, at the shoulder, the joint angle where the peak torque is generated has been found to be difficult to reproduce between tests.14, 15. Vastus Lateralis Coracobrachialis. Reading time: 15 minutes. Mean (1 s.d.) Together these joints can change the position of the glenoid fossa, relative to the chest wall. The transverse humeral ligament extends horizontally between the tubercles of the humerus. Kennedy JC, Alexander, I.J., & Hayes, K.C. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help I give my consent to Physiopedia to be in touch with me via email using the information I have provided in this form for the purpose of news, updates and marketing. List and identify some agonist, antagonist muscle groups. Because the elastic assistance of the stretch reflex ends very quickly, it creates added burden for the prime movers to move the weight. Pairing of shoulder girdle & shoulder joint movements Horizontal adduction Abduction (protraction) Horizontal abduction Adduction (retraction) . Usually, ratios are evaluated using the isokinetic peak torque of the agonist muscle compared to that of the antagonist muscle, in concentric or eccentric mode, without reference to the angles (segment positions) where these peak torques are obtained.7 Most likely, peak torques do not occur at the same angle for the agonist and antagonist muscle groups irrespective of the mode of contraction (eccentric or concentric). An opposing thumb grip provides more security and control of the barbell. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8894/4230.Elliott, B., Wilson, G., & Kerr, G. (1989). Protein and Weight Loss: How Much Protein Do You Need to Eat Per Day? Fast-Twitch Vs. Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber Types + Training Tips, The 9 Best Arm Exercises for Muscle Definition & Strength, By Brian Sutton, MA, MS, CSCS, NASM-CPT, CNC, CES, PES, Resting Metabolic Rate: How to Calculate and Improve Yours, Powerlifting vs. Bodybuilding: Spot the Difference, Spring Clean Your Sleep A Guide to Better Napping, No Excuses: Avoid These Diet Pitfalls in 2023, How to Keep Your Bodybuilding Clients Accountable, > Anterior Deltoid (front of shoulder muscle). Did you find hard to remember anatomicalstructures? The rotator cuff muscles are four muscles that form a musculotendinous unit around the shoulder joint. [19][20][21], The pathological kinematics of the ST joint include, but are not limited to:[22][23][24], These movement alterations are believed to increase the proximity of the rotator cuff tendons to the coracoacromial arch or glenoid rim,[18][25] however, there are still points of contention as to how the movement pattern deviations directly contribute to the reduction of the subacromial space.[18]. . Assessment of agonist-antagonist shoulder torque ratios in - Nature The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body, but also one of the most unstable because the shallow cavity gives little support to the head of the humerus. Between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments, via which the subscapular. Home Fullwide; Home Boxed; Features. Kinesiology of the Shoulder and Scapula - Brookbush Institute Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 174180. Performing these exercises (with a light load) may improve motor learning and quicken the time it takes to learn proper technique. Accessibility It becomes stretched, and least supported, when the arm is abducted. (b) Shoulder abduction and adduction mean torque (Nm) over the entire tested range (angle in degrees) at the three tested velocities (30, 60 and 120s1). These movement amplitudes and angular velocities for the shoulder tests were selected to replicate shoulder kinematic parameters frequently observed during wheelchair propulsion and sitting pivot transfers among this population (D Gagnon et al. More specifically to the GH joint, the fine-tuning stabilizers are just as important to the shoulder complex as the global movers for coordinated and smooth shoulder movements. Activities of the arm rely on movement from not only the glenohumeral joint but also the scapulothoracic joint (acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic articulations). It consists of Scapula: retraction & depression, Shoulder: flexion . Both the superior and anterior translation of the humeral head during movements are the leading biomechanical causes for impingement syndrome.[14]. PubMed Lower the barbell until a slight stretch is felt in the pectorals. Revue critique de l'valuation isocintique de l'paule. Active muscle contractions are essential for maintaining the stability of the shoulder complex.[1]. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in It stabilizes the anterior capsule, limiting externalrotation, particularly when the arm is in an abducted position (45o 60o abduction). Article How long will my leg hurt after vein ablation? [4][5] More specifically, the subacromial canal lies underneath the acromion, the coracoid process, the AC joint, and the coracoacromial ligament. Although the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio provides an estimate of the agonistantagonist muscle strength relationship, the use of the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio appears inadequate, at first, to conclude on the dynamic agonistantagonist muscle strength balance observed over the entire range of movement possible at a joint. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). The ST joint involves the gliding movement of the scapula along the rib cage during upper extremity movements and does not include a physical bone-to-bone attachment. Level 3 (70) Exercise and Fitness Knowledge: The shoulder joint It acts to limit inferior translation and excessive externalrotation of the humerus. > Lower the barbell toward your chest, by flexing your elbows while maintaining scapulae retraction. What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? The primary joint actions that occur during the bench press include: Table 1 provides a list of involved musculature. Mthodologie et rsultats chez le sujet sain. Why or why not? The comprehensive textbook of clinical biomechanics (2nd ed.). The supraspinatus muscle contributes to preventing excessive superior translation, the infraspinatus and teres minor limit excessive superior and posterior translation, and the subscapularis controls excessive anterior and superior translation of the humeral head, respectively. However, it is important to note, this position limits the amount of load a person can lift. If a person has a history of shoulder impairment or displays limited range of motion through the upper extremities, it will be best to perform the bench press exercise with relatively light loads with an elbow-in position, or avoid altogether until shoulder stability and mobility impairments are corrected (Fees et al., 1998). Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. [11] The supraspinatus muscle initiates the abduction movement of the arm by pulling the humeral head medially towards the glenoid cavity thereby creating a fulcrum for movement. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! : How Orthorexia Changes Our View of Food and Fuel in Fitness, Calf Workouts: How to Grow the Often-Stubborn Muscle Group, Body Types: Mesomorph, Ectomorphs, & Endomorphs Explained. Calculating isokinetic shoulder torque ratios is a well-accepted method for highlighting the imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups. You can even add and remove individual muscles if you like. To visualize the Valsalva maneuver; it is most commonly performed in everyday life during a forceful bowel movement. The subdeltoid-subacromial (SASD) bursa is located between the joint capsule and the deltoid muscle or acromion, respectively. Describe the "sticking point" and why it occurs. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the agonist:antagonist strength ratios and their relationship to postural measures among powerlifters. Between the greater and lesser tubercles of humerus, through which the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii passes. It is split into anterior and posterior bands, between which sits the axillary pouch. For the shoulder flexion and extension movements, participants grasped the handgrip with their forearm in a neutral position with their elbow in slight flexion (35). > Lie on a bench with your feet flat on the floor. antagonistic muscle pairs exercises A Comparison of Muscle Activity in Concentric and Counter Movement Maximum Bench Press. Shoulder Horizontal Flexion (Working the Pectoralis Major) and Shoulder Horizontal Extension (Working Trapezius and the Rhomboids) These are Horizontal push and pull exercises; A superset example is Bench Press into Seated Row Pair 2: Shoulder Flexion (working the Deltoid) and Shoulder Extension (working the Latissimus Dorsi) for . Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. However, no consensus exists as to the torque assessment methods and approaches used to report torque ratios. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). latissimus dorsi, teres major. Being a ball-and-socket joint, it allows movements in three degrees of freedom (average maximum glenohumeral active RoM is shown in brackets); Combination of these movements gives circumduction. In other words, keep the spine in a neutral position. February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . Here the capsule arches over the supraglenoid tubercle and its long head of biceps brachii muscleattachment, thus making these intra-articular structures. Last reviewed: February 27, 2023 Muscles- Agonist and Antagonist Flashcards | Quizlet Internet Explorer). National Library of Medicine Zhao KD, Van Straaten, M.G., Cloud, B.A., Morrow, M.M., An, K-N., & Ludewig, P.M. Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics during daily tasks in users of manual wheelchairs. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [9][10], As illustrated by the force-vectors of their respected moment arms, the RC tendons collectively have been accredited with the compression of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa during movements. Key Term shoulder flexion agonist and antagonist; Endorsed By; Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. All participants were at least 2-year post-SCI, right-hand dominant, independently propel their manual wheelchair during a minimum of 60min per day, independently transfer to and from their wheelchair around 19 times daily and reported an activity tolerance of at least 60min when frequent rest periods are offered. [28], Further to their passive stabilization role, they also provide additional protection via the various mechanoreceptors embedded within their fibers. Barbell Bench Press: Targeted Muscle Groups. Triceps Brachii (long head) It allows for axial rotations and antero-posterior glides. J Rehabil Res Dev 1994; 31: 287296. In this population, agonistantagonist muscle strength imbalances have been linked to an increased risk of developing secondary musculoskeletal impairments affecting the shoulder joints.5 Such impairments could not only jeopardize the ability to perform functional activities,9 but also the level of social participation among individuals with SCI. For the correlations between the peak torque and the angle subgroup's mean torque, they are also presented in Table 3 and 4. (c) There is extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the condensed phase. what is spanish colonial music? Netter, F. (2019). PDF Chapter 5 The Shoulder Joint - Kean University Is the singer Avant and R Kelly brothers? Sylvia Earle, former director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has said, "People who want to make a difference can choose not to eat fish that are more important swimming alive in the ocean than swimming in lemon slices and butter. Muscles that work like this are called antagonistic pairs. shoulder flexorextensor and abductoradductor torque ratios at the three angular velocities calculated every 15 over the entire tested range (angle subgroups) are shown in Figures 2a and b. For all movements tested, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1. June 14, 2022 long lake, florence county, wi long lake, florence county, wi Shoulder Horizontal Adduction and Scapular Protraction: Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (Horizontal Flexion) Prime Mover: Pectoralis major Synergists: Anterior deltoid Antagonists: Posterior deltoid Neutralizers: Posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor neutralize internal rotation force created by the anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. . The scapulohumeral rhythm is quantified by dividing the total amount of shoulder elevation (humerothoracic) by the scapular upward rotation (scapulothoracic). Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb. Hes was an adjunct faculty member for California University Pennsylvania (2010-2018) teaching graduate-level courses in Corrective Exercise, Performance Enhancement, and Health and Fitness and currently serves as a Content and Production Manager for NASM. An isokinetic dynamometric assessment was completed using a Biodex system to quantify maximum voluntary concentric strength of the right shoulder flexors, extensors, abductors and adductors. Preserve the natural curvature of the lumbar spine (low-back) throughout the entire lift. These are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles. To effectively rehabilitate a shoulder injury in clinical practice, it is important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). Voight ML, & Thomson, B.C. Strength imbalances, including shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction and knee flexion:extension, and a shortened pectoralis minor may evolve as training adaptations among powerlifters, whereas thoracic kyphosis, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis remain unchanged. Elbow flexion. Vastus Intermedius Scapula: scapula is triangular shape has three border superior and medial and lateral ,three angle inferior,superior and lateral and three surface. Plachel F, Akgn D, Imiolczyk JP, Minkus M, Moroder P. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patient. J Strength Cond Res. Extension is performed by the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major (sternocostal fibers) and long head of triceps brachii muscles. flexion, horizontal adduction, & internal rotation Middle fibers: abduction . Pectoralis minor length was significantly shorter among the powerlifters (6.1 1.9 vs. 4.2 1.4; p = 0.005); however, there was no statistical difference in thoracic kyphosis (37.7 9.4 vs. 39.1 10.9; p = 0.722), pelvic tilt (10.6 3.6 vs. 11.3 3.7; p = 0.622), or lumbar lordosis (25.0 7.6 vs. 23.0 8.4; p = 0.500) angles. Biceps Brachii. The inferior glenohumeral ligament is a sling-like ligament extending between the glenoid labrum and the inferomedial part of the humeral neck. Disclaimer. Due to the multiple joints involved during shoulder movement, it is prudent to refer to the area of the shoulder complex. Jump straight into the anatomy of the glenohumeral joint with this integrated quiz: Explore our video tutorials, quizzes, articles and atlas images of glenohumeral joint for a full understanding of its anatomy. (2015). Scapula deviated about 35 degree anterior to the frontal plane.the concave glenoid fossa articulate with convex head of humerus to form glenohumeral joint. This means that the strength ratio will also be affected. Mechanical Load and Physiological Responses of Four Different Resistance Training Methods in Bench Press Exercise. Home. Thus, the level of association between each 15 angle subgroup torque diminished as the importance of the distance between angular sections tested increased for all muscle groups explored. A new interpretative approach of the torque ratios between shoulder agonist and antagonist muscle groups is proposed in the current study. Careers. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? (2014). The glenohumeral joint is innervated by the subscapular nerve (C5-C6), a branch of the posterior cord of brachial plexus. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). 2023 Jan 1;37(1):123-128. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004205. Gombera MM, & Sekiya, J.K. Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability: a systematic review. This is the strongest of the three GH ligaments, being thicker and longer than the other two. Congruency is increased somewhat by the presence of a glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous ring that attaches to the margins of the fossa. [3] The surrounding passive structures (the labrum, joint capsule, and ligaments) as well as the active structures (the muscles and associated tendons) work cooperatively in a healthy shoulder to maintain dynamic stability throughout movements. Movement - Shoulder Flexion Agonist - Anterior deltoid and Pectoralis major. The labrum acts to deepen the glenoid fossa slightly, it is triangular in shape and thicker anteriorly than inferiorly.

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