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In fact, according to several of his friends, on social occasions he became very aggressive when discussing politics. Aid Groups Warn of "Secondary Disaster" as Death Toll from Turkey . [12] Wisner is chair of the board of directors of The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington.[13][14]. The company wanted $16 million for the land. However, he got bored and enlisted in the United States Navy six months before Pearl Harbor. Frank Wisner married Antonie Chalupsky, daughter of Frantisek Chalupsky and Katerine Chudly about 1881 and they . Wisner came directly from central casting as the shady OSS spy from World War II. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. [citation needed], Wisner married Mary Ellis 'Polly' Knowles (19122002) and they had four children: Elizabeth Wisner, Graham Wisner, Ellis Wisner, and Frank G. Wisner who entered into diplomatic service. Thomas Braden later recalled: "Wisner brought in a whole load of fascists after the war, some really nasty people. Edit your search or learn more. This report examines the information and intelligence resources available to and relied upon by policymakers during the Rwanda crisis. "Tomorrow morning, gentlemen," Dulles said, "we will go to the White House to brief the President. During this period Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) liaison in Washington. [10], Wisner was recruited in 1947 by Dean Acheson to join the State Department to become the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Occupied Areas. And yet, the junior Wisner cut a path for himself in the diplomatic corps that made him one of the country's most accomplished, and respected, envoys. Any reaction? Britain and France were both initially in favour but eventually buckled under United States pressure and agreed to abstain. [12] Wisner was chosen to lead the OPC in the capacity of Assistant Director for Policy Coordination (ADPC). The whole arrangement of American power in the world from the nineteenth century was based on commercial concerns and methods of operation his had given America a material empire through the ownership of foreign transport systems, oil fields, estancias, stocks, and shares. After leaving the OSS Wisner joined the Wall Street law firm, Carter Ledyard. Brad finished and the lights went up. Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, was put in charge of what became known as Operation Ajax. In the 1950s and early 1960s the CIA's top leaders - men like Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner, Richard Bissell, Tracy Barnes, and Desmond Fitzgerald - were profoundly devoted to covert action. The President's final handshake was with Alien Dulles. This secret operation involved recruiting former German officers and diplomats who could be used in the covert war against the Soviet Union. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. Wisner expected the United States would help the Hungarians. What was not said, but what was already clear after the events in East Germany the previous year, was that the exercise of American power, even clandestinely through the CIA, would not be undertaken where Soviet power was already established. . No senior gure of the time at CIA ever had anything to do with that organization. This resulted in the religious community turning against Mossadegh. Let's run over your presentations." In March 1945, Wisner was transferred to Wiesbaden, Germany. The Combat Applications Group does not write database software for infantry supply clerks; it is better known as Delta Force. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. "Instead of a dirge, it was exuberant, powerful, exultant," recalled Tom Braden. The DPP now accounted for three quarters of the CIA budget and 60% of its personnel. Wisner's suicide was "entirely rational, if you can say such a thing," said his niece Jean Lindsey. Nixon asked a number of questions, concise and to the point, and demonstrated a thorough knowledge of the Guatemalan political situation. post-template-default single single-post postid-2835 single-format-standard. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world". "I got a cable in Kuala Lumpur, where I was stationed," said Arthur Jacobs, the "Ozzard of Wiz" who had been Wisner's aide in the early 1950s. CIA, "Letter of . He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. (A separate Office of Special Operations conducted secret actions aimed solely at gathering intelligence.) The plot against Arbenz therefore became part of Executive Action (a plan to remove unfriendly foreign leaders from power). It was the nearest thing to an expletive I ever heard Dulles use. Franklived in month1918, at address, Illinois. [4], In 1941, six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the United States Navy. This secret operation involved recruiting former German officers and diplomats who could be used in the covert war against the Soviet Union. Four days later, after a day in which Mubarak allies took violent reprisal against democracy activists, Wisner spoke to a security conference in Europe and called it "crucial" that Mubarak stay on in the interest of "stability." Later, John Loftus, a prosecutor with the Office of Special Investigations at the U.S. Justice Department, accused Wisner of methodically recruiting Nazi war criminals. In addition, regardless of the principles being professed, when direct action was taken (whether clandestine or not), the interests of American business would be a consideration: if the flag was to follow, it would quite definitely follow trade. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. First headed by Allen Dulles, Wisner succeeded Dulles in 1951 when Dulles was named Director of Central Intelligence. It had also given America resources and experience (concentrated in private hands) with the world outside the Americas, used effectively by the OSS during World War II American government, however, had stayed in America, lending its influence to business but never trying to overthrow other governments for commercial purposes. No longer would the Monroe Doctrine, which was directed against foreign imperial ambitions in the Americas from across the Atlantic or the Pacific, suffice. This included the claim that Guatemala was the beginning of "Soviet expansion in the Americas". Later, several of the people involved in Operation Success, including Richard Bissell and Tracy Barnes, regretted the outcome of the Guatemala Coup. [6][7], Wisner arrived just as Romania joined the Allies and declared war on the Axis. Legal Statement. Franklived in USA. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe in 1944-1945 at the end of World War II, and served as the second Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) in charge of the Directorate of Plans (DDP) of the Central Intelligence Agency from August 23, 1951 to September 1958. Nagy also released anti-communists from prison and talked about holding free elections and withdrawing Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. It was the nearest thing to an expletive I ever heard Dulles use. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Covert action (orchestrating coups, anti-Communist insurgencies, academic conferences, labor unions, political parties, publishing houses, and shipping companies) required considerable manpower, and it drew the intellectual crme de la crme. He worked in the Navy's censor's office until he managed to transfer to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1943. A door opened near me. The POWs were returned by a U.S. Air Crew Rescue Unit via the Popeti-Leordeni Airfield. 1930 United States Federal Census. It was later discovered that one commander accepted $60,000 to surrender his troops. Frank Wisner, who was part of the small network of OSS hands eager to get back in the spy game, had a solution to the problem. According to Nina Burleigh (A Very Private Woman) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. All results for Frank Wisner. ", Wisner, who had been involved in creating this propaganda, told friends that he felt the American government had let Hungary down. 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. Record information. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Frank Wisner . Later he became an informal adviser to the royal family. . By Nicholas Thompson. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. The lighted shaft of the Washington Monument could be seen through the trees. Arbenz began to tackle Guatemala's unequal land distribution. In 1950, the OPC was placed under the Central Intelligence Agency and renamed the Directorate of Plans. It is doubtful that many of the lawmakers who voted for the 1947 Act could have envisioned the scale on which the CIA would engage in operational activities all over the world. "The cable was from Des FitzGerald. Wisner began his intelligence career in the Office of Strategic Services in World War II. However, in 1947, he was recruited by Dean Acheson, to work under Charles Saltzman, at the State Department's Office of Occupied Territories. He pointed out that they had spent a great deal of money on Radio Free Europe "to get these people to revolt". A close friend, Avis Bohlen said he "was so depressed about how the world was going he felt we were losing the Cold War.". [17] Another project he was involved in was with regard to the Belarus Brigade's leaders, a unit incorporated into a German SS division, who were assisted into the United States after the Second world war, due largely to his efforts. All the top officials of the agency, from director on down, were in attendance. After Cairo (from June 15, 1944) he spent three months in OSS Istanbul, Turkey, as head of SI (Secret Intelligence) branch. According to Alex Constantine (Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA), in the 1950s, "some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts". 1944, Wisner was sent to Turkey. In 1976, at the beginning of the Carter administration, he served under Cyrus Vance as Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State. Wisner's FBI file tells scurrilous tales of his wild life during and after World War II. The Two Frank Wisners. Who made that decision?". Worse yet, the few offices still around with any sort of proficiency in covert action were just too accountable. Who made that decision?". With the help of resident Anastasio Somoza, Castillo had formed a rebel army in Nicaragua. Through think-tanks to foundations, directorates to membership of gentlemen's clubs, these mandarins were interlocked by their institutional affiliations and by a shared belief in their own superiority.". According to Nina Burleigh (A Very Private Woman) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. As Thomas Polgar later pointed out: "Sure, we never said rise up and revolt, but there was a lot of propaganda that led the Hungarians to believe that we would help. Later, several of the people involved in Operation Success, including Richard Bissell and Tracy Barnes, regretted the outcome of the Guatemala Coup. Wisner was appointed director of the organization. It has been estimated that between January and June, 1954, the CIA spent about $20 million on Castillo's army. ", In December, 1956, Wisner had a mental breakdown and was diagnosed as suffering from manic depression. Frank Wisner was constantly looked for ways to help convince the public of the dangers of communism. Frank Wisner was brilliant, tortured, and a founder of American intelligence. Finally Brad (Colonel Albert Haney) rehearsed his speech. Vijay Prashad: Yes, the point is a very good one, why Margaret Scobey herself was not in charge of the deliberations. He was assigned as a vice consul at the American Consulate General in Tangier, Morocco. With the help of Romanian Intelligence, they manage to obtain tons of records, including SD files, 200 rolls of German film and a large amount of Russian information. ", Later that year Wisner established Operation Mockingbird, a program to influence the American media. Jake Esterline was placed in charge of the CIA's Washington task force in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. Over the next few weeks thousands were arrested on suspicion of communist activity. Even with my curious nature, I myself was unaware, except in the vaguest terms, what political action projects were going forward and how (Frank Wisner was spending Marshall Plan counterpart funds.) Perhaps he had made up his mind to kill himself. The CIA was also busy bribing Arbenz's military commanders. "He realized that his life would be circumscribed by increasing cycles of depression. However, Wisner was cleared of all suspicions by the CIA Office of Security. One of the most important journalists under the control of Operation Mockingbird was Joseph Alsop, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. After Pearl Harbor, he found himself in the Office of Strategic Services, where he spied behind enemy lines, eventually becoming head of OSS operations in southeastern Europe. Ernesto Guevara attempted to organize some civil militias but senior army officers blocked the distribution of weapons. [10], Wisner died by suicide on October 29, 1965.[22]. On January 4, 1951, the CIA merged the two offices and created a new Plans Division, which has had sole control over secret operations of all types since that date. We drank iced tea as we sat around a garden table in Dulles' back yard. He said that the country needed "an agrarian reform which puts an end to the latifundios and the semi-feudal practices, giving the land to thousands of peasants, raising their purchasing power and creating a great internal market favorable to the development of domestic industry.". Thus by overthrowing him, America was in effect making a new decision in the cold war. But the navy is watching a Soviet sub in the area; it could be there to evacuate some of Arbenz's friends, or to supply arms to any resisters.". He pointed out that they had spent a great deal of money on Radio Free Europe "to get these people to revolt". Wisner recruited Philip Graham (Washington Post) to run the project within the industry. Wisner told Clare Boothe Luce, the American ambassador in Italy: "All these people are getting killed and we weren't doing anything, we were ignoring it. The plot against Arbenz therefore became part of Executive Action (a plan to remove unfriendly foreign leaders from power). In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. He gained support for this from James Forrestal, the Defense Secretary. President Dwight Eisenhower was delighted with this result and asked Wisner to arrange for Kermit Roosevelt to give him a personal briefing on Operation Ajax. However, Barnes convinced him that it was vital important that the Soviets did not establish a "beachhead in Central America". Their articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. ", General Ridgeway answered. Covert action (orchestrating coups, anti-Communist insurgencies, academic conferences, labor unions, political parties, publishing houses, and shipping companies) required considerable manpower, and it drew the intellectual crme de la crme. Wisner also met Arthur Schlesinger, an OSS sergeant serving in Germany. When this failed he put pressure on Security Council members to vote against the resolution. While in Bucharest he became friendly with King Michael of Romania. This resulted in the religious community turning against Mossadegh. No longer would the Monroe Doctrine, which was directed against foreign imperial ambitions in the Americas from across the Atlantic or the Pacific, suffice. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA, DHS Now Spies on Journalists, Keeps Records of Online Activity, Guatemala: The Coup that Radicalised Che Guevara, Smoking Out Fox News Correspondent Mort Kondrackes DIA/PSYOP Roots, Joe Conason on Elizabeth Dilling Glenn Beck's Favorite Nazi, BuzzFeed: Secret CIA Files Say Staffers Committed Sex Crimes Involving Children, Israels Propaganda War Blame the Grand Mufti, Crimes against Humanity in Guatemala: How the CIA and the Pentagon Supported the Military Dictatorship, Islamic Army in Iraq Denies Media Reports that the US Killed 18 Al Qaeda Combatants, Accused Liberian War Criminal Charles Taylor 'Worked with the CIA' (Al Jazeera), The Role of the CIA: Behind the Dalai Lamas Holy Cloak. He lived in Romania with a beautiful Russian spy. He whispered a number of questions: "Who is that? Wisner was born in New York on July 2, 1938. Carlos Castillo and his collection of soldiers now crossed the Honduran-Guatemalan border. Another project started by Wisner was called Operation Bloodstone. To get better results, add more information such as Birth Info, Death Info and Locationeven a guess will help. "What about the Russians? I saw Frank three days before he died and he seemed in good spirits. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwisner.htm, Your email address will not be published. Frank G. Wisner Jr. grew up in the long shadow of his secret agent father. The man moved away. On June 18, 1948, the United States National Security Council approved NSC 10/2 which created the Office of Special Projects. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). Most men brought their wives to these gatherings. Members of what was later called the Georgetown Ladies' Social Club included Katharine Graham, Mary Pinchot Meyer, Sally Reston, Polly Wisner, Joan Braden, Lorraine Cooper, Evangeline Bruce, Avis Bohlen, Janet Barnes, Tish Alsop, Cynthia Helms, Marietta FitzGerald, Phyllis Nitze and Annie Bissell. A large number of these prisoners were tortured or killed. Death Frank Wisner reportedly committed suicide with one of his son's shotguns on October 29, 1965. According to Phillips he initially questioned the right of the CIA to interfere in Guatemala: In his autobiography Phillips claims he said to Barnes: "But Arbenz became President in a free election. Frank Wisner died rather suddenly at age 29 years while still living in Tama County, Iowa. Wisner expected the United States would help the Hungarians. Frank Wisner, the father of American covert operations, was both. Eisenhower shook hands all around. It wasnt long before the United States recognized the obvious mistake it had made in shutting down its intelligence capabilities. [16], On August 23, 1951, Wisner succeeded Allen W. Dulles and became the second Deputy Director of Plans, with Richard Helms as his chief of operations. Wisner remained as Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) until September 1958, playing an important role in the early history of the CIA. The program lasted through 1971. Funded with money from the CIA and MI6, the pro-monarchy forces quickly gained the upper hand. Evan Thomas, the author of The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA (1995), argues that Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop worked very closely with Winser. Husband of Mary (Polly) Knowles a dedicated arts philanthropist and legendary Washington hostess. Feit Frank Visner aka Wisner or Vizner was born about 1857 in Cslav, Kutn Hora District, (Central Bohemian District), Bohemia, Austria. Wisner's death saddened but did not shock his colleagues. [14], According to its secret charter, the OPC's responsibilities include "propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, antisabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. DR: In a sense, The Good Shepherd William (Rip) Robertson was also involved in the campaign against Arbenz. The growth of the OSS brought conflict with John Edgar Hoover who saw it as a rival to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mussadegh in Iran was left-wing and had indulged in talks with Russian diplomats about possible alliances and treaties. OSS agents penetrated the Romanian Communist Party and Wisner was able to discover that the Soviets intended to take over all of Eastern Europe. On Tuesday, April third at Chicago, occurred the sudden death of little Frank M. Wisner, the three and a half years old son of Mr. and Mrs. L.S. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You've averted a Soviet beachhead in our hemisphere." The company wanted $16 million for the land. But Frank was a little excessive, even for me.". Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 October 29, 1965) was one of the founding officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s. He served as third secretary at the U.S. Embassy in Algiers, Algeria. This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency. Wisner leaked details of the speech to the New York Times who published it on 2nd June, 1956. What was not said, but what was already clear after the events in East Germany the previous year, was that the exercise of American power, even clandestinely through the CIA, would not be undertaken where Soviet power was already established. If it gets near the coast of Guatemala we'll sink the son-of-a-bitch. ' Khrushchev's de-Stalinzation policy encouraged people living in Eastern Europe to believe that he was willing to give them more independence from the Soviet Union. A door opened near me. February 1, 2011. "Incredible". Funded with money from the CIA and MI6, the pro-monarchy forces quickly gained the upper hand. Senator McCarthy succeeded in forcing CIA director Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter to dismiss long-time staffer Carmel Offie in 1950, over Wisner's objections.[19]. Wisner added that he felt personally betrayed by this behaviour. FrankWisner18791963Frank Wisnerin U.S. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) Frank Wisnerwas born on September 14 1879. His work involved planning a coup in Guyana, a country that had a left-wing government. They also produced three films on Guatemala for showing free in cinemas. Wisner was also able to restrict newspapers from reporting about certain events. Guillermo Toriello appealed to the United Nations to help protect Guatemalan government. Wisner was disappointed by the US government's reaction to this news and he was forced to advise the Romanian royal family to go into exile. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. The CIA propaganda campaign included the distribution of 100,000 copies of a pamphlet entitled Chronology of Communism in Guatemala. Wisner also met Arthur Schlesinger, an OSS sergeant serving in Germany. He eventually had a breakdown, was hospitalized, and received an aggressive course of electroshock therapy. It said that Frank had died and gave no reason, but I knew." Members of what was later called the Georgetown Ladies' Social Club included Katharine Graham, Mary Pinchot Meyer, Sally Reston, Polly Wisner, Joan Braden, Lorraine Cooper, Evangeline Bruce, Avis Bohlen, Janet Barnes, Tish Alsop, Cynthia Helms, Marietta FitzGerald, Phyllis Nitze and Annie Bissell. "Great," he said to Brad, "that was a good briefing." Mutual Fund and ETF data provided byRefinitiv Lipper. Wisner reportedly suffered a mental breakdown after the Soviet Union quashed the Hungarian revolution in 1956, and in 1965 he committed suicide. Frank Wisner took over direct command of the everyday operations of the Indonesian project. During his tenure in Lusaka, he played the role of point man for the Constructive Engagement policy of assistant secretary of state for African affairs Chester Crocker. He later claimed that Wisner had become obsessed with the Soviet Union: "He was already mobilizing for the cold war. She was born in Ashley, N.D. She grew up and attended schools in North Dakota. Name: Frank Wisner When the project collapsed, however, the Belarusians quickly settled in and obtained US citizenship and intelligence agencies protected them from exposure for decades. Wisner committed suicide. With the help of resident Anastasio Somoza, Castillo had formed a rebel army in Nicaragua. "Thanks Allen, and thanks to all of you. Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. All rights reserved. Carlos Castillo and his collection of soldiers now crossed the Honduran-Guatemalan border. Wisner, 72, was U.S. ambassador to Egypt from 1986 to 1991 and developed a close relationship with Mubarak in that time, according to Hazard and news reports. Later, John Loftus, a prosecutor with the Office of Special Investigations at the U.S. Justice Department, accused Wisner of methodically recruiting Nazi war criminals. Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. Frank Wisner killed himself with one of his son's shotguns on 29th October, 1965. Two months later he moved on to Romania where his main task was to spy on the activities of the Soviet Union. In the cases of Frank Wisner and Philip Graham, it played a role in their suicides. [1] He was also tapped for the Seven Society. It is doubtful that many of the lawmakers who voted for the 1947 Act could have envisioned the scale on which the CIA would engage in operational activities all over the world. Wisner began having trouble with J. Edgar Hoover. It was an exhausting, stressful, and almost impossible job. "Tomorrow morning, gentlemen," Dulles said, "we will go to the White House to brief the President. What right do we have to help someone topple his government and throw him out of office?" Hector (Rip Robertson) said only one, a courier . Wisner leaked details of the speech to the New York Times who published it on 2nd June, 1956. After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Also involved was Richard Bissell, head of the Directorate for Plans, an organization instructed to conduct covert anti-Communist operations around the world. Frank Wisner was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe at the end of World War II, and the head of the Directorate of Plans of the Central Intelligence Agency during the 1950s. He became Assistant Director of the Office of Policy Coordination. Wisner managed to get a copy of the speech that Nikita Khrushchev made at the 20th Party Congress in February, 1956, where Khrushchev launched an attack on the rule of Joseph Stalin. [11] He went on to become a member of the board for EOG Resources. He gained support for this from James Forrestal, the Defense Secretary. This included James Truitt, Russell Wiggins, Phil Geyelin, John Hayes and Alan Barth. He described the OPC as "Wisner's gang of weirdos" and began carrying out investigations into their past. On October 28, before he drove out to his farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, she called the caretaker and asked him to remove the guns from the house. Members are only revealed after their death - a wreath of black magnolias shaped like '7' is laid at the gravesite. As one of the agents involved in Operation Bloodstone, Harry Rositzke, pointed out, Wisner was willing to use anyone "as long as he was anti-communist". The CIA began providing financial and logistic support for Colonel Carlos Castillo. After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The whole arrangement of American power in the world from the nineteenth century was based on commercial concerns and methods of operation his had given America a material empire through the ownership of foreign transport systems, oil fields, estancias, stocks, and shares. George Cristian Maior, former head of Romanian intelligence and current Ambassador to the United States, has written a . This was the elite which ran American foreign policy and shaped legislation at home. With so many talented officers working in covert action, and with most of the foreigners involved being friendly collaborators and not "recruited" assets, the do could scarcely base promotions on the number of recruitments a case officer made each year.

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