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A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. The original three-metric Maintainability Index (further referred to as. If anyone of these properties values are not the same then it returns false. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. Java Program to Compare Two Objects - GeeksforGeeks and B.. Were in fact testing oneSomeClassthat happen to have two properties. Mark X is used to indicate the inclusion of a software metric for the computation of a specific Index variant. JHawk. Besides the above-presented Index variants, several others were proposed in the literature incorporating other software metrics that measure additional software aspects, e.g., cohesion and coupling; yet, they are not widely used. The 2021 State of the Octoverse. Identity of references The comparison operator == has long been known when dealing with primitive data types. After that, in the first println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse an object y as a parameter that compares the object x and y. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? ; Ojha, A. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. After that, we have created a constructor of the Employee class and passes these two fields as a parameter. To ensure the most-accurate assessment, the specific variant selected should take into account the relevant aspects of maintainability that best represent the maintainability of the software system in question. The next threat to internal validity is related to the methods of data analysis used. ; Goldinger, S.D. [. Collections API uses hashcode() and equals() Method, 5. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. String Comparison in Java - javatpoint In Java, hash code is a 32-bit signed integer value. As an example, you have a List of Employee Objects and you need to check that all your Employees are above 18. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Similarities and Difference between Java and C++, Decision Making in Java (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump), StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples, Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java, Constructor Chaining In Java with Examples, Private Constructors and Singleton Classes in Java, Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java, Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java, Different ways of Method Overloading in Java, Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding in Java, Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java, Comparator Interface in Java with Examples, Flow control in try catch finally in Java, SortedSet Interface in Java with Examples, SortedMap Interface in Java with Examples, Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java, Thread Safety and how to achieve it in Java. Since the default behavior ofEqualsis to compare references (in case of classes) the result is a fail. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, Lund, Sweden, 1920 September 2012; pp. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. In this section, we will learn how equals() and hashCode() method works. The Maintainability Index variants were computed from software metrics extracted from the code of each system by the JHawk tool. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. Therefore, extra caution should be taken when using the Index variants for more specific assessments instead of general ones. Using JSON.stringify. Sawilowsky, S.S. New effect size rules of thumb. Though the values of dog1 and dog2 are the same, equals() method always checks the reference of the two objects i.e if both the objects passed refer to the same object or not and not their values. This solution requires rewriting the whole sorting code for different criteria like Roll No. If you instead change the program to use equality operator, you'll get Not Equal as shown in the program below. Zhou, Y.; Xu, B. Additionally, by having a better understanding of the characteristics that contribute to maintainability and how they can be measured by different Index variants, practitioners can also make informed decisions about how to prioritize and focus their efforts to improve these aspects of their software during development, leading to improvements in software quality and the long-term sustainability of their software systems. [, Prabowo, G.; Suryotrisongko, H.; Tjahyanto, A. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. 486492. See further details. However, it can be overridden in any way possible i.e if one or two values match, etc. This paper evaluated and compared the Index variants by applying them to Java open-source software systems. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. It returns true because the object of double class i.e. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. Available online: Lacchia, M. Radon. For example, the expression obj1==obj2 tests the identity, not equality. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. 252264. Learn Java practically ; Papesh, M.H. This interface is present in java.util package and contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1, Object obj2) and equals(Object element). 9099. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. 8893. By using our site, you = maximum. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. We have stored the hash code value in the variable a and b, respectively. We can sort them, copy-paste them, merge, and compare them. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Spring Boot - Start/Stop a Kafka Listener Dynamically, Parse Nested User-Defined Functions using Spring Expression Language (SpEL), Split() String method in Java with examples, Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java. Checking the hash values using hashCode() before entering the equals() reduces the time taken to produce the solution drastically. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). ; funding acquisition, B.. This resulted in several defined variants of the Index. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. Following function compare obj1 with obj2. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. One or more elements from. [. First, in, The results of the correlation analysis were further analyzed through multidimensional scaling to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between the Index variants. [, Sharma, A.; Grover, P.; Kumar, R. Predicting maintainability of component-based systems by using fuzzy logic. The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. Kerby, D.S. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. Java Program to Compare Two Objects - GeeksforGeeks The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 ); Integer b = a; assertThat (a == b).isTrue (); From a short-term perspective, the maintainability trends, i.e., changes in maintainability, are in the same direction, but can be of different strengths, while from a long-term perspective, the maintainability trends are in alignment, although the magnitude of the trends is not. However, this must still be overwritten accordingly. You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the string, i.e. Anyone who has ever Googled (Binged?) How to compare two objects in Java - StackHowTo Then this section is for you. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. Stack Overflow Developer Survey. Comparing Two Objects Using Assert.AreEqual() - DZone To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. ; validation, T.H. ; data curation, T.H. The above program produced the output saying both e1, e3 objects are not the same even though both objects are having the same values. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. The problem is that failing the first assert would cause an exception to be thrown leaving us with no idea if the second would have passed or failed. 2. Finding the Differences Between Two Lists in Java | Baeldung Madhwaraj, K.G. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare() method. Empirical comparison of two metrics suites for maintainability prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of open source software. 2023; 13(5):2972. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT), Ghaziabad, India, 78 February 2014; pp. Try Programiz PRO: Suppose we have a JSON string defined as the s1 variable: { "employee" : { "id": "1212" , "fullName": "John Miles" , "age": 34 } } Copy And we want to compare it with another JSON, s2: Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: Java equals () Method Java hashCode () Method Java equals () Method The equals () method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. After writing or pasting, the JSON Diff button can easily manipulate accordingly. This solution requires rewriting the whole sorting code for different criteria like Roll No. Comparing Java objects with equals() and hashcode() - InfoWorld Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs), Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1920 September 2018; pp. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Appl. The equals () method is used to compare objects according to their content. If you are not calling the Collections.sort() method then our comparator logic will not be executed. The Maintainability Index is frequently used as a single-valued measure for estimating the overall maintainability of software, taking these aspects into account in different ways through various Index variants. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. It is also possible that an object is equal to another given object, then the equals() method follow the equivalence relation to compare the objects. The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. Arisholm, E.; Briand, L.C. 367377. In fact, its fun to do things the hard way, isnt it? Using a comparator, we can sort the elements based on data members. Another threat to external validity is the set of Index variants studied. Java Program to Compare Strings A total of 45 object-oriented software systems were randomly selected for the study. person1 and person2 have the same properties with the same values. 203208. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. [. ; investigation, T.H. How to add an element to an Array in Java? In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. Suppose we have an Array/ArrayList of our own class type, containing fields like roll no, name, address, DOB, etc, and we need to sort the array based on Roll no or name? 2021. Similarly, in the second println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse the same value as in the constructor of the Double class. The Maintainability Index is commonly used as a quantitative measure of the relative ease of software maintenance. This allowed us to evaluate how the different variants capture the notion of maintainability when applied to measure the maintainability of the same software system and to compare the variants in terms of their absolute values. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. Several aspects can impact the softwares maintainability, including the codes complexity, the softwares size, and the presence of documentation and comments that help describe the code. 8487. [. A complete overview of related studies is presented in, Some studies have compared the Index with alternative software quality measures with the aim of assessing existing measures. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? Furthermore, the results of the study may not generalize to the broader population of object-oriented systems based on programming languages other than Java.

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