interesting facts about john rossbest freshman dorm at coastal carolina

Harriet had one daughter, Gertie, whom she and her second husband (Nelson Davis) adopted after the Civil war. as chief in 1862, while pro-Union supporters reelected Ross. Ross died of cancer on July 4, 1995, at the age of 52. By the 1830s many members of the Cherokee nation were among the wealthiest individuals in what is now north Georgia. Tremendous stories surfaced that she had a chance to sew the first US flag-stars and stripes. Ross Father Says Hes a Great Role Model for His Younger Siblings. The Underground Railroad was a lifeline for slaves escaping to freedom, and Harriet Tubman was undoubtedly one of its most famous "conductors." Presidents Adams and Jefferson also died the same year, 1826; President . During this period Rosss diplomatic skills enabled him to achieve prominent positions, culminating in his election as principal chief of the newly formed Cherokee Nation, which Ross, along with his friend and neighbor Major Ridge, helped to establish. In two historic cases, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1, 8 L. Ed. John Ross (1790-1866) was the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. 41 Facts About Meghan Markle and Prince Harry You Probably - Newsweek An overall study of the tribe and an evaluation of Ross as a leader are in Grace S. Woodward, The Cherokees (1963). 101 Interesting Facts You Never Knew | Inspirationfeed However, during the filming of the second season of The Joy of Painting someone broke into Bob Ross van and stole 13 of his reference paintings, which he used during filming to recreate a piece live on air. Feb 15, 2018, The Joy of Painting as a video game on the Wii or DS console. Incredible! Support your local PBS station in our mission to inspire, enrich, and educate. Given that he filmed over 400 episodes, thats well over a thousand paintings alone not counting ones from his youth, personal pieces, and so on. Fact: The world's oldest wooden wheel has been around for more than 5,000 years It was found in 2002, approximately 12 miles south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, and is now housed in the. She certainly led an interesting life. All who signed received payment and land. The following year he became principal chief of the tribe, and he remained in this position until 1839. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. As the head of the largest branch of the Cherokee nation from 1828 to 1866, John Ross led the Cherokee through a period of profound cultural change. At his fathers store Ross learned the customs of traditional Cherokees, although at home his mixed-blood family practiced European traditions and spoke English. Playing with words is our passion. Ross was educated by private tutors and then at Kingston Academy in Tennessee. Betsy was widowed at 24 and with no child. 15 Artistic Facts About Jasper Johns's Flag - Mental Floss 1. According to the sources, Betsy Ross did use to work as a tailor for George Washington. His business was very successful, become a multi-million dollar company. Bob Ross loved all kinds of animals and occasionally featured them on The Joy of Painting. Both married when Betsy was only 21 years old in New Jersey. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. Ross worked as a secretary for Motown Records in Detroit. **. He once said, Were like drug dealers. The Cherokee were split between the treaty party, led by Major Ridge, who were willing to accept the government's offer, and those like Ross, who were against the offer. 13 Interesting Facts about Cameroon. Northern New Jersey became an extremely industrious state starting in the 1800s in areas including Paterson, Trenton, Camden, Elizabeth, Jersey City and Newark. Income Source. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. The discovery of gold on Cherokee land fueled their desire to possess the area, which was dotted with lucrative businesses and prosperous plantations like Rosss. Seeing a word in a sentence can clarify its definition and usage. Elias Boudinot (ca 1803-1839) became the first editor of the bilingual newspaper Cherokee Phoenix, which began publicat, With the creation of the U.S. Constitution and a national government, political and legal policy-makers had to determine how to deal with Native Amer, The Cherokee nation, located in the state of Georgia, sought to remain on its territory and be viewed legally as an independent, sovereign nation. Wall Street Journal. interesting facts about john ross A black and white photograph of Bob Ross. 4. Explore our grammar lessons, biographies, and more. In 1777, Betsy married her second husband, Joseph Ashburn. She was born in 1944 in Detroit, Michigan. Three presidents, all Founding FathersJohn Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroedied on July 4. Cherokee Chief John Ross. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. The surname Tubman comes from her first husband, John Tubman, who she married in 1844. Ross comes from a large family. of Georgia Press. That was in 1776. Betsy a.k.a Elizabeth Griscom was born on January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Actor. Lets find out more interesting facts about Betsy Ross by reading the following post below: As I have stated before, Betsy Ross was born in a farm in West Jersey, Pennsylvania on January 1752. 25 Best Women's History Month Facts Facts About Women's History Harriet was born a slave and raised on Maryland's Eastern Shore where the lines between slavery and freedom were often blurred. In 1829 the state of Georgia ordered the Cherokees removed. YouTube. 7 Facts About John Wayne's "True Grit" - Classic Country Music Ross talked a great deal about his love for Alaska and snow on The Joy of Painting, and that love can be seen in many of the snowy winter paintings he completed on the show. Her original name was not Betsy Ross. He was a mariner. 1730-1780. Betsy Ross married three times, her first two husbands died as a result of the Revolutionary War. The Indian Removal Bill passed by Congress in 1830 provided legal authority to begin the removal process. As many woodworkers and carpenters know, it is not a terribly finger-friendly industry, and the young Ross quickly learned just that when he lost part of the index finger on his left hand. Occupation: Proprietor, family upholstery business. He has enjoyed the book immensely, learning lots of interesting and unusual facts about the country and it's people, and has even started contacting various Scotsmen he knows to check out and verify some of those facts. The show was so popular in Japan that it actually aired twice a day. She would later adopt the name "Harriet" after her mother: Harriet Ross. 1. Ross's quiet and reserved manner inspired confidence among both whites and Indians, and his skill at easing the tensions with the western Cherokee greatly increased his influence within the Cherokee nation. Gary E. Moulton, ed., The Papers of Chief John Ross, 2 vols. One can quickly queue up an entire season, and binge watch the delightfully relaxing program. After his fathers death, Steve intentionally went underground and is untraceable on social media. Actor. 20 Things You Didn't Know About Diana Ross - TVOvermind 10 Interesting Facts about Harriet Tubman | PBS Through Ross's influence the blood feud was replaced with a court system, trial by jury, and a written criminal code. ." Daniel Blake Smith, An American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears. One of Ross' most notable characteristics was his pacifying and soothing voice. This page was last modified on 18 August 2022, at 21:42. Bob Ross did not get paid one cent by PBS for the 403 episodes of The Joy of Painting that aired on the network. He settled near Park Hill in Oklahoma, where he erected a mansion and farmed, using his many slaves to cultivate his fields. All rights reserved. In Tahlequah, land was set aside for schools, a newspaper, and a new Cherokee capital. Interestingly, while Ross is most famous and beloved in the United States for his soothing voice, the show was dubbed into Japanese. A Japanese broadcast of The Joy of Painting. Ever a kindhearted person, Bob Ross donated the vast majority of his roughly 30,000 original paintings to charitable organizations. Tragically, despite the popularity of his show and his desire to host a childrens nature show, Bob Ross life was cut short by cancer at the young age of only 52. Whether through the cleverness of his manager, Annette Kowalski or their own thrift, PBS somehow landed Bob Ross without having to pay him a cent. Nathaniel Ainley. Ross is thought to have lived in the house from 1776 to 1779, the year her first husband John Ross died. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Finally, a far more detailed version that was intended to be used by Bob Ross Method instructors in their classes and teaching materials is the third copy. 01. mjk funeral home obituaries; san jose state university graduate programs deadlines Men umschalten. Some of the top shots of Washington wide receiver John Ross. In protest, Ross went to Washington carrying a petition with fifteen thousand signatures, 90 percent of all Cherokee. It was not unusual for families in this area to include both free and enslaved members. In June of 1776 a group of three Founding Fathers-- Robert Morris, George Ross and George Washington-- paid a surprise visit to an upholstery shop on Arch Street in Philadelphia, hoping to convince the proprietor to design a flag for America. . Sir John Ross did not see any red snow fall; but he saw large tracts overspread with it. American Indian Law 20. The Papers of Chief John Ross. When school children in the United States learn about Betsy Ross, they are presented with one basic fact. He was born on April 15, 1800 in London, England and died on April 3, 1862 in Aylesbury, England. Discover all the facts that no one tells you about John Ross Bowie below Ross, John, whose name in Cherokee is Kooweskoowe koowskoow , 17901866, Native American chief, b. near Lookout Mt., Tenn., of Scottish and Cherokee parents. She saw a star in Ross and offered to become his manager. Her first marriage was to John Ross in 1772, for whom she went outside of the Quaker religion to marry. It is believed that he still paints, based on statements from family friends. He was her fellow apprentice that she fell in love with. 5 Things to Know About John Ross - Tampa Bay Buccaneers His Indian name was Cooweescoowe. Julie Gonzalos Relationship. Born Jan. 27, 1955, in Buffalo, John Glover Roberts later moved to Long Beach, Ind., with his parents and three sisters, where his father . Ross has a Girl Sean Malto deck, which is a skateboard. Over one hundred years since her passing (March 10, 1913), we invite you to revisit the life and legacy of Harriet Tubman. Bithday 01 January 1752. Andrew Jacksons First Annual Message to Congress 1829 Chief John Ross Treaty of Echota Major Ridge Follow the trail below to find a map showing three ways the Cherokee traveled to their new home. Top 10 Things to Know About James Monroe - ThoughtCo Bob Ross learned the wet-on-wet painting style from an instructor named William Alexander who developed an art supply and art education business around the technique. 101 Random, Interesting Fun Facts To Blow Your Mind Analyses of his paintings have counted the number of trees and put the estimate, just from those he painted on The Joy of Painting at over 27,300 decorated trees. 18 Interesting Facts About "The Who" Band | OhFact! The Ross Island Bridge is a cantilever truss bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon.It carries U.S. Route 26 (Mount Hood Highway) across the river between southwest and southeast Portland.The bridge opened in 1926 and was designed by Gustav Lindenthal and honors Oregon pioneer Sherry Ross.It is named for its proximity to Ross Island. According to Johns longtime songwriting partner Bernie Taupin (who wrote the lyrics of this song), he was inspired to write the lyrics of Daniel after reading an article published in Time magazine about the touching story of several Vietnam War veterans who back home to the United States in the hope of The general agreed and Ross went on to break the surviving Cherokees into smaller groups that could be easily handled. He played the role of John Ross Ewing III in the television series Dallas. Transported to Australia and in and out of gaol. Calm.com / Daily Mail. Here Are Our Sources: 35 Happy Little Facts About Bob Ross Alvin Ward, Mental Floss. Given his apparent love of animals and painting, and his calm, upbeat demeanor, it should perhaps come as no surprise that Bob Ross had legions of devoted fans. He remained principal chief of the Cherokee Nation until his death in Washington, D.C., on August 1, 1866. Unfortunately, he was killed in a gunpowder explosion. But she managed to hold a patriotism icon in the late 18 century. 1 (1987). The colour of the fields of snow was not uniform; but, on the contrary, there were patches or streaks more or less red, and of various depths of tint. John Ross led the Cherokee Nation for almost. 8. In 1809 at age nineteen, Ross was sent, at the behest of both U.S. officials and Cherokee leaders, to confer with the western Cherokee, who had accepted payments from the United States. With the renewed interest in both The Joy of Painting and Bob Ross himself, it should come as no surprise that there are numerous websites devoted to the man and his creations. He was the only president to have a patent: Lincoln invented a device to free steamboats that ran aground. . . His happy little trees are now adorning notebooks, shirts, and more as the nostalgia of the 80s and 90s makes a full comeback. However, the date of retrieval is often important. For Ross's political career see Morris L. Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation, 1838-1907 (1938), and Henry T. Malone, Cherokees of the Old South (1956). Four thousand Cherokee, including Ross's wife, Quatie, died on the march. interesting facts about john ross - lupaclass.com PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. They journeyed their life together and set-up their business, thanks to her skill that she gained from John Webster. General Scott eventually agreed. Bob Ross dropped out of school after the 9th grade to join his Cherokee father in the carpentry business. She was also called as Elizabeth Ashburn and Elizabeth Calypoole due to her second and third marriage. Not wanting to have to spend the time or money on getting frequent haircuts to maintain his short hair, Ross decided to give a perm a spin and did a boxed perm at home. Once again, the Cherokee nation split. 2. can be fun. When the ruling body of the Cherokee, led by Ross, refused to sign the agreement, Schermerhorn ordered Ross to be arrested. Meek mills real name is Robert Williams and Rick Ross's real name is William Roberts. Harriet Tubman was born Araminta Ross. 10 interesting facts about the Supreme Court justice. Why Am I Catching Feelings For My Cousin. God is full of justice and mercy. Cunningham initially turned them down, as God's love embraces both justice and mercy. John Pemberton, an Atlanta, Georgia pharmacist and the 1886 inventor of Coca Cola, was a soldier that had been injured in the Civil War. Published in Law and Treaties, edited by Charles J. Kappler, 1904 Elizabeth (Betsy) Ross was born on January 1, 1752, in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Stream the best of PBS. and New Georgia Encyclopedia, 12 November 2004, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/john-ross-1790-1866/. This was true of most of the tribal leaders. Encyclopedia.com. The Bob Ross Art Workshop is in New Smyrna Beach and features a wide range of Ross original paintings. Schon and Cain formed Bad English in 1987 with John Waite, who was lead singer in Cain's pre-Journey band The Babys. He was primarily known for appearing in Westerns, including 1969's True Grit.. Perhaps one of Wayne's most notable projects, True Grit was adapted from the 1968 novel of the same title. FLAG WAS PAINTED AFTER JOHNS LEFT. Fast Facts: Ross Barnett Known For: 53rd governor of Mississippi who clashed with civil rights activists and tried to bar James Meredith, an African American man, from enrolling at the University of Mississippi Born : January 22, 1898, in Standing Pine, Mississippi Parents: John William, Virginia Ann Chadwick Barnett Alienum phaedrum torquatos nec eu, vis detraxit periculis ex, nihil expetendis in mei. If you have a few minutes to spare, we promise you'll learn about all kinds of interesting things. Ross was born on October 3, 1790, in Turkey Town, on the Coosa River near present-day Center, Alabama. 6 Interesting Facts About Daymond John - aGOODoutfit Home / Uncategorized / interesting facts about st john of the cross. John Ross Home, Rossville, Georgia. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004). n.d. 12 Weird Things You Didnt Know About Bob Ross Tamar Altebarmakian, Ranker. Here are 5 interesting facts about Manchester City's latest big money acquisition. Facts about Her Life. Let's know some interesting facts about this amazing rock band, The Who. Every one of his paintings seemed so effortless, and watching him work is mesmerizing. He fought removal until 1838, when it was clear there was no alternative; he then successfully negotiated with the U.S. government to handle the business of the move. His father was a Scotsman; his mother was one-quarter Cherokee and three-quarters Scot. Meeting someone. Diana Ross. colonel frank o'sullivan interview; beverly hills high school football Ross refused to advocate violence as a means for the Cherokee to retain their land. Get facts about American History here. Ross scored 24 touchdowns in college, and two of those scores came on the ground. She was born on 1 January 1752 and passed away on 30 January 1836. Ashburn was captured by a British ship and later died in the famous Old Mill Prison when Betsy was just 30 years old. Harriet wore many hats: She was an active proponent of women's suffrage and worked alongside women such as side Susan B. Anthony. Playbuzz. Interesting Facts. - Ross, along with his friend and neighbor Major Ridge, helped establish the newfound Cherokee nation. Class, determination, perseverance, discipline are the phrases that define Ross Taylor. John Ross Net Worth, Age, Bio, Birthday, Height, Facts Type of Government Upon finishing her education, she became an apprentice for the popular upholsterer, John Webster. Many derided him as a commercial artist who created a product, not art. Here are 10 interesting facts about Betsy Ross. 8 Things You Never Knew About Betsy Ross - Mic It is called Betsy Ross Bridge. Betsy grew up in a Quakers household and was schooled at a Quaker-run state school. Before finalizing on the band name "The Who", they had performed under two other names: The Detours and The High Numbers. Interesting Facts Fort Ross had 5 administrators while controlled by the Russian-American Company. of Oklahoma Press. John Ross | Encyclopedia.com Less than two weeks later, on August 1, 1866, Ross died in Washington, D.C. Blair, Jack. She and her siblings grew up in the Detroit Housing Projects in Detroit,. November 26, 2019. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"AZJ3R.JTJYElOP_zA_w4s8l_UgxqQJY6JWwZrxyemIs-86400-0"}; Johns birth flower is Lily of the valley and birthstone is Emerald. "John Ross Under Ross's leadership the Cherokee eliminated the blood feud as a primary means of settling criminal homicides. We . interesting facts about john ross - sanitary-uae.com In perhaps the greatest gaming tragedy since the loss of Project Titan, Nintendo had plans to release The Joy of Painting as a video game on the Wii or DS console. In fact, its largely unknown how much one of his originals would sell for since most are in museums, private homes, or still retained by charities. He would stay up late the nights before filming and talk through and rehearse what he wanted to say while painting, including the comments about mistakes being happy accidents, happy little trees, and so on. 1. interesting facts about john ross - saleemmedicos.com His work, in fact, encompasses thousands of happy little trees. Husbands: John Ross (killed while serving in militia in 1776); Joseph Ashburn (died in British prison in 1782); John Claypoole. He grew up playing for Snoop Dogg's Pop Warner team. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry. Interesting Facts about Michael Jackson. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Ross was involved in eight Arctic and Antarctic expeditions after joining the navy in 1812. Daymond started the company with $40 while he still worked at Red Lobster. In their scouting report, NFL.com listed Ross' pro comparison as DeSean Jackson, who signed with the Buccaneers as a free agent this spring. In the nineteenth century, the Cherokee shifted from a tribal government to a republic based on that of the United States. 10 Facts About Betsy Ross. By Sticky Facts Editorial Staff John Ross biography, ethnicity, religion, interesting facts, favorites, family, updates, childhood facts, information and more: Suggested Posts Despite divorcing in 2000, Ross remained adamant that he was the true love of her life. Pinterest. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2011). Theta Sigma Phi a womens communications society named Ross Peninsula Woman of the Year. Moulton, Gary E., ed. He was born on May 30, 1971 and his birthplace is New York City, NY. Find your perfect word with over 2 million options to choose from. Who is this Person? He spoke of the person he was during his service, saying that he was the guy who makes you scrub the latrine, the guy who makes you make your bed, the guy who screams at you for being late to work. He reportedly vowed after he left the Air Force, to never raise his voice again. In the Coen's 2010 production of True Grit, the black powder mark is on Tom Chaney's left cheek. A Bob Ross painting featuring a cabin. But it all began in 1954 with Flag . She left home at 16, was a hospital volunteer in WWII and finally entered medical school in 1951. While it cant quite match up to 654 current episodes of The Simpsons, it certainly puts Game of Thrones and Breaking Bad in their places. A few quick facts about Betsy Ross: She was born into a Quaker family, but was expelled from the Quaker church (and cut off from her family) when she married John Ross, a son of a revered of the Church of England. 1. 10. Never take it for granted that you can vote, ladies. Even though she had 16 siblings, only 8 of them survived the childhood time. Peapod the squirrel in Bob Ross pocket. Top 10 Interesting Facts about Diana Ross - Discover Walks Blog The first is a simple reference copy that Ross worked from while doing live art for the aired episode. A still of The Joy of Painting. Ben Russell from Durham, Nc john was the eggman. In New Georgia Encyclopedia. 3. Charles Cornwallis Facts for Kids - Kiddle Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. forced to acquiesce. In 1986, Ross married Norwegian shipping magnate Arne Nass Jr. and they had two sons together. He died while negotiating a treaty for his tribe in Washington, D.C., on Aug. 1, 1866. The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities. ." 6. The entirety of his earnings came through the sales of his Bob Ross art supply company and the certified Bob Ross instructors who trained in his method in order to teach wet-on-wet classes to aspiring artists. 25 (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515, 8 L. Ed. The most famous of his squirrel friends was Peapod, a small young male squirrel who hung out in his pocket in multiple episodes. It is because of the divine attribute of justice that the penalty for our sinsour transgressions of God's law (see 1 John 3:4. Facts About Betsy Ross. You might not know this, but Betsy Ross actually had two different husbands that dies in the war. He was coached by Chris Petersen during his entire tenure at Washington. In 1827 the Cherokee nation adopted a republican constitution, written by Ross and modeled after the U.S. Constitution. Rather than leave their homeland, more than a thousand Cherokee fled to the Great Smoky Mountains, where their descendants still live. 28 Facts About Betsy Ross For Kids she had 16 siblings. Husbands: John Ross (killed while serving in militia in 1776); Joseph Ashburn (died in British prison in 1782); John Claypoole. Year Founded: 1982. John Ross. 1. He was in talks to develop a childrens wildlife show, but unfortunately, the project never came to pass. Birth Name: Elizabeth Griscom. With a practiced hand, like in Ross case, this meant paintings could be churned out with incredible speed. Blount, William Other interesting facts about the Betsy Ross House. Major Ridge was killed the same day for his part in the signing of the Treaty of New Echota. The English language is always evolving, and its our job to keep up with it. Born on October 3, 1790, at Turkeytown, Alabama, John Ross was the longest-serving Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, a businessman, and landowner who led his people through the Trail of Tears during the Indian Removal. She was born on 1 January 1752 and passed away on 30 January 1836. Google pays tribute to the first female Native American engineer Mary G. Ross today on her birthday by dedicating Thursday's Google Doodle to her. Her husband did not make the journey and ultimately re-married after Harriet's departure. 1. 2. Instead, he entirely earned his money from the associated Bob Ross linen of art supplies and art classes that became popularized through the show. During his sophomore season, Ross caught 17 passes, five of which were touchdowns. 125 Interesting Facts | Random Fun Facts That Will Wow You Once in Oklahoma, Ross was reelected principal chief. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Bob Ross on The Joy of Painting. Ross loves Japanese chewing gum. While working for Webster, she met and fell in love with John Ross, her fellow apprentice. When the, (1861-65) began, Ross initially sided with the Confederacy but soon switched to the Union position. Elias Boudinot Grow your vocab the fun way! Supreme Facts About Diana Ross, The First Lady Of Motown - Factinate She is remembered as the woman who created the first flag for the new United States. When Diana was just seven, her mother fell ill with tuberculosis. A painting representing drug addiction. He broke out in 2016. A fan painting from the Two Inch Brush community site. A Bob Ross painting with happy little trees. When Union troops invaded Oklahoma in 1862, Ross moved to Philadelphia and repudiated the Confederate alliance. These same symptoms gave her powerful visions that she ascribed to God and helped guide her on many trips to the North while leading others to freedom. On the show, someone (not even Ross himself) would do a Bob Ross-style wet-on-wet painting while listeners followed along to only audio. Ross is known for his calm demeanor, soothing voice, and of course, that amazing hair. In an effort to cure his nervousness, headaches, and other symptoms of his post-injury morphine addiction, he set out to create a non-alcoholic drink that he then mixed with soda water. 2. Died: January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Some historians believe it was designed by New Jersey Congressman Francis Hopkinson and sewn by Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross. Headquarters: Dublin, CA. Decades afterward, many of the basic facts surrounding her murder have failed to stand up to scrutiny.

Thomas Kaminski Obituary, Fedex Singapore To New Zealand, Drinking Warm Salt Water While Pregnant, Rheem Water Heater Gas Control Or Valve Failure, Things To Do In Wallingford, Seattle, Articles I